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The mean IQ scores between men and women vary little.[9] Studies that report variations in IQ between males and females find differences between 3-5 IQ points. However, males show higher variance on scores.
During the early twentieth century, the scientific consensus held that gender plays no role in intelligence.[10][11][12]
Since then, many studies have found little or no difference in IQ test performance between men and women. A 1995 study performed by the American Psychological Association showed no difference in average IQ between sexes.[13] Other studies done in the mid-1990s and 2000s have concluded that the IQ performances of men and women differ little.[13][14][14][15]
Other studies have found a small male advantage on IQ tests averaging between 3-5 points. Several meta-studies by Richard Lynn between 1999 and 2005 found mean IQ of men exceeding that of women by a range of 3-5 points.[16] [17][18] Lynn's findings were debated in a series of articles for Nature.[19][20] Jackson and Rushton found males aged 17–18 years had average of 3.63 IQ points in excess of their female equivalents.[10] A 2005 study by Helmuth Nyborg found an average advantage for males of 3.15 IQ-points.[21]
Other studies have found a small female advantage on IQ tests. One study concluded that after controlling for sociodemographic and health variables, "gender differences tended to disappear on tests for which there was a male advantage and to magnify on tests for which there was a female advantage."[22] A study from 2007 found a result of 2-4 IQ point advantage for females in later life.[23] A 2001 report by the ETS found that "females in all racial/ethnic groups scored higher, on average, than males in reading, writing, and civics. There was an advantage found in science for Hispanic and White males. In mathematics, essentially no differences between males and females were found."[24] One study investigated the differences in IQ between the sexes in relation to age, finding that girls do better at younger ages but that their performance declines relative to boys with age.[25]
Some studies have identified IQ variance as a difference between males and females. Machin and Pekkarinen found higher variance in boys' than girls' results on mathematics and reading tests in most OECD countries.[26] A 2005 study by Ian Deary, Paul Irwing, Geoff Der, and Timothy Bates,[27] focusing on the ASVAB showed a significantly higher variance in male scores. The study also found a very small (d' ≈ 0.07, or about 7% of a standard deviation) average male advantage in g. A study by Rosalind Arden and Robert Plomin from 2006 found greater variance among boys than among girls. The variance was greater among boys at every age between 2 and 10 years, except at age two where the difference was statistically non-significant. At age 10 the boys had a higher mean IQ-score, a higher variance and were over-represented at the high tail.[28]
Hyde and Metz[29] argue that boys and girls differ in the variance of their ability due to sociocultural factors. According to their analysis, which gender shows the greatest variance differs between countries: in some countries, such as the Netherlands, girls tend to have a greater variance than boys, whereas in others, such as the US, boys have the greater variance.
Kiefer and Sekaquaptewa proposed that a source of some women's underperformance and lowered perseverance in mathematical fields is these women's underlying "implicit" sex-based stereotypes regarding mathematical ability and association, as well as their identification with their gender.[30]
Different weightings or tests other than IQ, for instance general intelligence factor, may however be used in defining intelligence. A study by Colom et al. in 2002 showed that the difference observed is in "ability in general", not in "general ability", and that the average sex-difference favoring males must be attributed to specific group factors and test specificity.[31]
