List of sovereign debt defaults or debt restructuring
Main article: List of sovereign defaults
The following list includes actual sovereign defaults and debt restructuring of independent countries from 1800 till 2012:[17]
Africa
Algeria (1991)
Angola (1976,[18] 1985, 1992-2002[18])
Cameroon (2004)[18]
Central African Republic (1981, 1983)
Congo (Kinshasa) (1979)[18]
Côte d'Ivoire (1983, 2000, 2011)
Gabon (1999–2005)[18]
Ghana (1979, 1982)[18]
Liberia (1989–2006)[18]
Madagascar (2002)[18]
Mozambique (1980)[18]
Rwanda (1995)[18]
Sierra Leone (1997–1998)[18]
Sudan (1991)[18]
Tunisia (1867)
Egypt (1876, 1984)
Kenya (1994, 2000)
Morocco (1983, 1994, 2000)
Nigeria (1982, 1986, 1992, 2001, 2004)
South Africa (1985, 1989, 1993)
Zambia (1983)
Zimbabwe (1965, 2000, 2006[18] (see Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe)
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda (1998–2005)[18]
Argentina (1827, 1890, 1951, 1956, 1982, 1989, 2002-2005[18] (see Argentine debt restructuring), 2014[19][19][20])
Bolivia (1875, 1927,[18] 1931, 1980, 1986, 1989)
Brazil (1898, 1902, 1914, 1931, 1937, 1961, 1964, 1983, 1986–1987,[18] 1990[18])
Canada (Alberta) (1935)[18]
Chile (1826, 1880, 1931, 1961, 1963, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1983)
Colombia (1826, 1850, 1873, 1880, 1900, 1932, 1935)
Costa Rica (1828, 1874, 1895, 1901, 1932, 1962, 1981, 1983, 1984)
Dominica (2003–2005)[18]
Dominican Republic (1872, 1892, 1897, 1899, 1931, 1975-2001[18] (see Latin American debt crisis), 2005)
Ecuador (1826, 1868, 1894, 1906, 1909, 1914, 1929, 1982, 1984, 2000, 2008)
El Salvador (1828, 1876, 1894, 1899, 1921, 1932, 1938, 1981-1996[18])
Grenada (2004–2005)[18]
Guatemala (1933, 1986, 1989)
Guyana (1982)
Honduras (1828, 1873, 1981)
Jamaica (1978)
Mexico (1827, 1833, 1844, 1850,[18] 1866, 1898, 1914, 1928-1930s, 1982)
Nicaragua (1828, 1894, 1911, 1915, 1932, 1979)
Panama (1932, 1983, 1983, 1987, 1988-1989[18])
Paraguay (1874, 1892, 1920, 1932, 1986, 2003)
Peru (1826, 1850,[18] 1876, 1931, 1969, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1984)
Surinam (2001–2002)[18]
Trinidad and Tobago (1989)
United States (1779 (devaluation of Continental Dollar), 1790, 1798 (see The Quasi-war), 1862,[21] 1933 (see Executive Order 6102),[18] 1971 (Nixon Shock)
9 states (1841–1842)[18]
10 states (1873-83 or 1884)[18]
Uruguay (1876, 1891, 1915, 1933, 1937,[18] 1983, 1987, 1990)
Venezuela (1826, 1848, 1860, 1865, 1892, 1898, 1982, 1990, 1995–1997,[18] 1998,[18] 2004)
Asia
China (1921, 1932,[18] 1939)
Japan (1942, 1946-1952[18])
India (1958, 1969,[citation needed] 1972)
Indonesia (1966)
Iran (1992)
Iraq (1990)
Jordan (1989)
Kuwait (1990–1991)[18]
Myanmar (1984,[18] 1987,[18] 2002)
Mongolia (1997–2000)[18]
The Philippines (1983)
Solomon Islands (1995–2004)[18]
Sri Lanka (1980, 1982, 1996[18])
Vietnam (1985)[18]
Europe
Albania (1990)
Austria-Hungary (1796, 1802, 1805, 1811, 1816, 1868)
Austria (1938, 1940, 1945[18])
Bulgaria (1932,[citation needed] 1990)
Croatia (1993–1996)[18]
Denmark (1813)[18] (see Danish state bankruptcy of 1813)
France (1812)
Germany (1932, 1939, 1948[18])
Hesse (1814)
Prussia (1807, 1813)
Schleswig-Holstein (1850)
Westphalia (1812)
Greece (external debt: 1826-1842, 1843-1859, 1860-1878, 1894-1897, 1932-1964, 2010-present;[22][23][24] domestic debt: 1932-1951[22])
Hungary (1932, 1941)
The Netherlands (1814)
Poland (1936, 1940, 1981)
Portugal (1828, 1837, 1841, 1845, 1852, 1890)
Romania (1933)
Russia (1839, 1885, 1918, 1947,[18] 1957,[18] 1991, 1998)
Spain (1809, 1820, 1831, 1834, 1851, 1867, 1872, 1882, 1936-1939[18])
Sweden (1812)
Turkey (1876, 1915, 1931, 1940, 1978, 1982)
Ukraine (1998–2000)[18]
United Kingdom (1822, 1834, 1888–89, 1932)[18]
Yugoslavia (1983)[n 2]
